Tromboprofilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados: implementación de un programa multifacético / Thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients: implementation of a multifacetical program

Resumen La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es la causa prevenible más frecuente de muerte hospitalaria. A pesar de contar con evidencia y recomendaciones sobre la utilidad de la tromboprofilaxis, la adherencia por parte de los médicos a las mismas es muy variable, y frecuentemente subóptima. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar un programa institucional con estrategias multifacéticas dirigido a médicos, sobre tromboprofilaxis en internación y estimar el cambio en la adecuación de la tromboprofilaxis antes y después de la intervención. La intervención se mantuvo durante 6 años, fue múltiple, utilizando acciones pasivas como car telería, y activas, como educación médica continua, confección y adopción de una guía institucional de práctica clínica y un sistema de soporte informático para la decisión clínica. La adecuación basal de la tromboprofilaxis mejoró de 59% a 82% después de la intervención y se mantuvo en el tiempo. La mejora en la adecuación se asoció a una reducción de los sangrados mayores, en particular en pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente.

Abstract Venous thromboembolic disease is the most common preventable cause of hospital death. Despite the existence of evidence of the usefulness of thromboprophylaxis and recommendations, adherence by physicians to them is highly variable, and frequently suboptimal. The objective was to evaluate the change in the adequacy of thromboprophylaxis before and after an intervention on thromboprophylaxis with multifaceted strategies for physicians. The intervention was a 6 years institutional program with multiple strategies: passive actions such as posters and active actions as continuous medical education, adaptation of an institutional clinical practice guide and a computerized clinical decision support system. The baseline adequacy of thromboprophylaxis improved from 59% to 82% and was maintained over time. The improvement in fitness was associated with a reduction in major bleeding, particularly in patients undergoing surgery.

Safety of oral anticoagulants in advanced chronic kidney disease / Seguridad de los anticoagulantes orales en enfermedad renal crónica avanzada

Abstract Background: patients who take long-term oral anticoagulants and also have CKD have a greater probability of bleeding. Methods: a retrospective, descriptive cohort study reviewing the clinical charts of anticoagulated patients with Stage 3 CKD or above seen at an anticoagulation clinic, in order to evaluate hemorrhagic events and baseline characteristics of the population over a two-year period. Results: 238 patients were included. The anticoagulants used were warfarin (45%), rivaroxaban (31.5%), apixaban (14.3%) and dabigatran (3.4%). According to the KDIGO classification, 78% of the patients had CKD G3 (37.3% G3a and 40.7% G3b), 15.9% G4 and 5.8% G5 with renal replace ment therapy (RRT). During the study period, only 20 patients (8.4%) had hemorrhagic events; of these, seven (35%) were major (four associated with warfarin, two with rivaroxaban and one with apixaban). The other 13 bleeds were minor and associated with warfarin in 46.1% of the cases. Gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common (35%), followed by soft tissues (30%). There was only one fatal bleed, which occurred in the central nervous system (CNS) in a patient with CKD G4. Conclusion: a low rate of bleeding was found, which could be related to close follow up by an anticoagulation clinic. The anticoagulant most frequently associated with bleeding was warfarin, which could be related to a low time in therapeutic range (48.8%). Due to the low rate of events, comparisons could not be made. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1945).

Resumen Antecedentes: los pacientes que toman anticoagulantes orales a largo plazo y además cursan con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC), tienen mayor probabilidad de tener sangrados. Métodos: estudio de cohorte descriptivo retrospectivo en el cual se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes anticoagulados y con ERC 3 en adelante, atendidos en una clínica de anticoagulación con el fin de evaluar eventos hemorrágicos y características básales de la población en un periodo de dos años Resultados: se incluyeron 238 pacientes. Los anticoagulantes usados fueron warfarina (45%), rivaroxabán (31.5%), apixabán (14.3%) y dabigatrán (3.4%). Según la clasificación KDIGO 78% de los pacientes tenían ERC G3 (37.3% G3a y 40.7% G3b), 15.9% G4 y 5.8% G5 con terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR). En el periodo de estudio solo 20 pacientes (8.4%) tuvieron eventos hemo rrágicos, de estos, 7 (35%) fueron mayores (cuatro asociados a warfarina, dos rivaroxabán y uno apixabán). Los otros 13 sangrados fueron menores y asociados a warfarina en 46.1% de los casos. El sangrado digestivo fue el más frecuente (35%), seguido por tejidos blandos (30%). Sólo hubo un sangrado fatal el cual se dio en sistema nervioso central (SNC) en un paciente con ERC G4. Conclusión: se apreció una baja tasa de sangrado, lo que podría estar relacionado con el estrecho seguimiento de una clínica de anticoagulación. El anticoagulante que más frecuentemente se asoció con sangrado fue warfarina, lo cual puede estar relacionado con un bajo tiempo en rango terapéutico (48.8%). Por la baja tasa de eventos, no fue posible la realización de comparaciones. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1945).

Accuracy of training blood volume quantification using a visual estimation tool / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: We investigated whether the use of a specially designed visual estimation tool may improve accuracy in quantifying blood volumes related to surface spreading. METHODS: A prospective, paired-control, single-blinded experimental study was performed at a medical university. Anesthesiologists and emergency medical personnel estimated various blood volumes on surfaces with varying absorptivity (carpet, towel, polyvinyl chloride, wooden flooring) in an experimental setting. We assessed the sensitivity of training blood volume quantification using a self-designed visual estimation tool by comparing the accuracy of visual blood volume estimations before and after practical training with the tool. RESULTS: A total of 352 estimations by 44 participants were evaluated. Accurate estimations improved significantly from pre-training to post-training (P<0.05). The sensitivity of blood volume quantification was 33.0% after training with the visual estimation tool. Estimations did not depend on age, profession, gender or years of the estimator’s professional experience. CONCLUSIONS: Training with a visual estimation tool by professional rescuers can improve the estimation accuracy of blood volumes spread on surfaces with varying absorptivity.

Surgical site infection in adults undergoing major non-cardiac surgery and its association with anemia, El severe bleeding and intraoperative transfusion: A preliminary report from a prospective registry / Infección de sitio operatorio en adultos llevados a cirugía mayor no cardiaca y su relación con anemia, sangrado mayor y transfusión intraoperatoria: Informe preliminar de un registro prospectivo

Abstract Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is among the most common healthcare-related infections. Given their greater morbidity and surgical complexity, patients undergoing major surgery are exposed to a high risk of SSI. Objective: To determine the incidence of SSI in adult patients undergoing major elective non-cardiac surgery, and to identify risk factors associated with its occurrence within the first 30 days after surgery. Methods: An analytical study was designed on the basis of a prospective institutional registry. Clinical and laboratory variables associated with perioperative management were recorded. An active search was conducted in order to find SSI episodes, renal failure and multiple organ dysfunction during the first 30 days after surgery. Adjusted logistic regression was done to identify potential associations between risk factors and the development of SSI. Results: Overall, 1501 patients were included. The incidence of SSI during the first 30 days after surgery was 6.72% (95% CI 5.57-8.11). ASA III, abdominal surgery and longer procedures were more frequent in the SSI group. Association with the occurrence of SSI was documented for preoperative hemoglobin levels (adjusted OR 0.79 [95% CI 0.72-0.88], p = 0.04), intraoperative transfusion (adjusted OR 2,47 [95% CI 1.16-5.27], p = 0.02) and major blood loss (adjusted OR 3.80 [95% CI 1.63-8.88], p = 0.04). Conclusion: Preoperative hemoglobin level, intraoperative transfusion and major bleeding are independent risk factors associated with the occurrence of SSI in adult patients undergoing major elective non-cardiac surgery.

Resumen Introducción: La infección del sitio operatorio (ISO) ocupa los primeros lugares entre las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud. Con una mayor morbilidad y complejidad quirúrgica, los pacientes de cirugía mayor están expuestos a un alto riesgo de ISO. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de ISO en pacientes adultos sometidos a cirugía mayor electiva no cardiaca e identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con su aparición durante los primeros 30 días postoperatorios. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio analítico a partir de un registro institucional prospectivo. Se registraron variables clínicas y de laboratorio relacionadas con el manejo perioperatorio. Se realizó una búsqueda activa de episodios de ISO, sepsis, falla renal y disfunción multiorgánica durante los primeros 30 días postoperatorios. Las potenciales asociaciones entre factores de riesgo y el desarrollo de ISO fueron identificadas mediante regresión logística ajustada. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1.501 pacientes. La incidencia de ISO durante los 30 días postoperatorios fue de 6,72 % [IC 95 % 5,57-8,11). El estado ASA III, la cirugía abdominal y los procedimientos de duración prolongada fueron más frecuentes en el grupo ISO. Se documentó asociación con la ocurrencia de ISO para los niveles de hemoglobina preoperatoria (OR ajustado 0,79 [IC 95 % 0,72-0,88], p = 0,04), transfusión intraoperatoria (OR ajustado 2,47 [IC 95 % 1,16-5,27], p = 0,02) y sangrado mayor intraoperatorio (OR ajustado 3,80 [IC 95 % 1,63-8,88], p = 0,04). Conclusiones: El nivel de hemoglobina preoperatoria, la transfusión intraoperatoria y el sangrado mayor son factores de riesgo asociados de forma independiente a la ocurrencia de ISO en pacientes adultos llevados a cirugía mayor electiva no cardiaca.

Aspirin for prevention of the venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To systematically review the efficacy and safety of aspirin in prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to LMWH,warfarin,rivaroxaban and placebo.Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies comparing aspirin to LMWH,warfarin,rivaroxaban and placebo for prevention of VTE were retrieved from PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,Scopus,Ovid,CINAHL and Wanfang Data.Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.3 software after data extraction and quality evaluation.Results Totally 40 studies were included.There were no significant differences in overall rate of VTE(RR=1.08,95％CI:0.97-1.20,P=0.15),major bleeding incidence(RR=0.97,95％CI:0.81-1.16,P=0.73) and death (RR=0.86,95％CI:0.71-1.03,P=0.10)between aspirin and LMWH groups.Aspirin was associated with a lower risk of VTE(RR=0.49,95％CI:0.43-0.57,P＜0.05),major bleeding(RR=0.62,95％CI:0.46-0.84,P＜0.01)and death(RR=0.32,95％CI:0.15-0.64,P＜0.01)compared with warfarin.Rivaroxaban was associated with a significantly lower risk of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) (RR=2.55,95％CI:1.41-4.62,P＜0.01),while no significant differences in pulmonary embolism (PE)(RR=1.86,95％CI:0.69-5.04,P=0.22),major bleeding(RR=0.90,95％CI:0.44-1.87,P=0.79)and death(RR=1.50,95％CI:0.60-3.74,P=0.39)compared with aspirin.Compared to placebo group aspirin significantly reduced the risk for VTE(RR=0.81,95％CI:0.72-0.90,P＜0.01),increased the frequency of major bleeding(RR=1.17,95％CI:1.06-1.30,P＜0.01),while there was no significant difference in death between aspirin and placebo (RR=0.97,95％CI:0.89-1.04,P=0.38).Conclusion Aspirin is not inferior to LMWH,warfarin,and rivaroxaban in safety and efficiency for preventing VTE,and can be used for VTE prevention for patients after total joint arthroplasty.

Incidence and characteristics of major bleeding among rivaroxaban users with renal disease and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVE: Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) and renal disease (RD) who receive anticoagulation therapy appear to be at greater risk of major bleeding (MB) than AF patients without RD. As observed in past studies, anticoagulants are frequently withheld from AF patients with RD due to concerns regarding bleeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence and pattern of MB in those with RD, as compared to those without RD, in a population of rivaroxaban users with nonvalvular AF. METHODS: Electronic medical records of over 10 million patients from the Department of Defense Military Health System were queried to identify rivaroxaban users with nonvalvular AF. A validated algorithm was used to identify MB-related hospitalizations. RD was defined through diagnostic codes present within 6 months prior to the bleeding date for MB cases and end of study participation for non-MB patients. Data were collected on patient characteristics, comorbidities, MB management, and outcomes. RESULTS: Overall, 44,793 rivaroxaban users with nonvalvular AF were identified. RD was present among 6,921 patients (15.5%). Patients with RD had a higher rate of MB than those without RD, 4.52 per 100 person-years versus 2.54 per 100 person-years, respectively. The fatal bleeding outcome rate (0.09 per 100 person-years) was identical between those with and without RD. CONCLUSION: In this post-marketing study of 44,793 rivaroxaban users with nonvalvular AF, RD patients experienced a higher MB rate than those without RD. The higher rate of MB among those with RD may be due to the confounding effects of comorbidities.

The High-frequency Ultrasonic Examination and Clinical Observe of the Vagina Massive Hemorrhage After the Drug Abortion / 医学研究杂志

Objective To describe the imaging of the vagina massive hemorrhage patients,which is caused by pero-abortion by the high-frequency ultrasonic examination,and to establish the character of ultrasound.Methods 56 patients,who have the vagina massive hemorrhage after the drug abortion,were checked by the high-frequency ultrasonic examination,to observe if there are fetus in the uterus.Results There all have fetus in the uterus in 56 patients by the high-frequency ultrasonic examination.Including 8 patients who have little residues;22 patients have residues complic fluidify in the uterus;26 patients have admix residues.Conclusions After the drug abortion,the vagina massive hemorrhage,which is caused by pero-abortion,is the severity complication endangering the life of the patients,we cound found the pero-abortion early by the high-frequency ultrasonic examination and clinical observe.

A clinical study on the care of odontogenic infections in the patients with major bleeding disorders

This is a retrospective study on the care of odontogenic infections in admission patients with major bleeding disorders. The study was based on a series of 514 patients treated at Dong San Medical Center, Wonju Christian Hospital and Il San Health Insurance Hospital, from Jan.1, 2000, to Dec.31,2002. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The cardiovascular disease was the most frequent cause of the systemic diseases with major bleeding disorders, and liver disease, cerebrovascular disease and renal failure were next in order of frequency. But, there was the most frequent dental consultation in the liver disease, owing to the many odontogenic infectious diseases. 2. Male prediction (66.3%) was almost existed in the odontogenic infectious patients with major bleeding disorders. But, there was slight female prediction (53.4%) in the cardiovascular disease. 3. The most common age group of the odontogenic infectious patients with major bleeding disorders was the fifty decade(27.2%), followed by the forty, sixtyand thirty decade in order. 4. In the contents of chief complaints on the odontogenic infectious patients with major bleeding disorder, peak incidence was occurred as toothache (42.2%), followed by intraoral bleeding, ulcer pain, dental extraction in order. 5. In the diagnosis group of odontogenic infectious diseases, periodontitis, pulpitis and periapical abscess were more common. 6. In the treatment group of odontogenic infectious diseases, the most frequent incidence(44.2%) was showed in primary endodontic drainage(pulp extirpation, occlusal reduction and canal opening drainage) and followed by the incision and drainage, the medications and oral hygiene instruction, scaling, indirect pulp capping in order.